A new acquisition! The teetotaler’s catechism

In the midst of dire poverty, the people of Ireland in the mid-1830s were drinking more than 12 million gallons a year of legal spirits alone. It was an appalling problem. Avoiding the usual chilling rhetoric, Theobald Mathew, the Capuchin friar who became known as the Apostle of Temperance, began exhorting people to give up intoxicating liquors, re-assert their dignity and use that money to better their condition. He preached to vast crowds and persuaded thousands at a time to take the pledge.

frontispiece

Matthew Scally, a Carmelite friar from Knocktopher, produced a short twopenny tract in 1846 to encourage the faint-hearted. It is written in the form of a dialogue between a father and his son, with a graphic frontispiece of Theobald Matthew preaching, and the words of the pledge beneath. To clinch matters, there is a personal letter of approbation from Theobald Mathew himself.

title-page

Such tracts are rare for they are too flimsy to survive in normal circumstances. This one has been given an exceptionally fine binding of red goatskin and a gold-tooled centrepiece; even the edges of the boards are decorated in gold.

binding

As indicated on the title-page above, the publisher was William Joseph Battersby, an energetic and innovative Dublin publisher who flourished from the 1830s to the 1850s. He was also an author in his own right and his entire working life was motivated by a passionate interest in the promotion of the Catholic faith. His most enduring contribution has been the Irish Catholic Directory, begun in 1836 as Battersby’s Registry for the Catholic World. He was also the driving force behind the Catholic Book Society which sought to produce cheaper but informative books and make them widely available. As is appropriate for this publication, he was also a teetotaller!

As the Irish balloon championships get under way in Longford…

Olivari’s balloon (1798)

Imagine the impact of the first hot-air balloon rising into the sky in 1783. Suddenly, it was possible to fly! The first living flight was from Versailles in June 1783, with a sheep, a duck and a cock in the car. Four months later the maestro himself, Étienne Montgolfier, rose above the earth in a splendidly decorated balloon. Others across Europe quickly followed suit.

The first manned flight in Ireland was made by Richard Crosbie on 19 January 1785 when he rose up from Ranelagh Gardens in Dublin before a vast crowd. Wind and bad weather affected his departure and he was obliged to land at Clontarf. A poem was published in celebration, The aerial voyage (Dublin, 1785), prefaced by an account of the event.

For the next five years, the hold on the popular imagination was evident. The pamphlets of the time convey the febrile excitement of it all. Farces were in vogue -Frederick Pilon, in his Aerostation (1785), urged with tongue in cheek the need for ‘legislation of the upper regions’, formerly the realm of poets only. There were ‘diverting accounts’ of flights, novels, balloon jests, and songs in the streets and public gardens. There were even silken ‘balloon hats’ covering lofty coiffures.

Serious experiments and advances were reported to the Royal Society. Then, in time of war, balloons became political. Francis Olivari (possibly a pseudonym) in The balloons of Citizen Campenas (Dublin, 1798) took up a suggestion made by a French hydraulic engineer that Napoleon could use balloons for a military invasion. Not to be scoffed at, said Olivari, and carefully calculated that if each were 100 yards in diameter it could carry 500 soldiers with hammocks, baggage, food, canons, arms and ammunition.

A vivid account of an attempt in 1812 to cross the Irish Sea from Belvedere House, Drumcondra, was published by veteran balloonist James Sadler, who was then 59 and had carried out more than 40 flights since his first attempt in Oxford in 1784. In Balloon (Dublin, 1812) he gives a graphic description of swarming up the cords to close a rent that had appeared, and of how finally, he was dragged through the sea before rescue.

Sadler’s Balloon: an authentic narrative (1812)

September 2010

WEDDING BELLS AT CASTLETOWN HOUSE: THE BYNG-CONNOLLY MARRIAGE SETTLEMENT

Castletown House

Archival work has recently been completed on a document of national and great local interest currently held in the Russell Library. The Byng-Conolly marriage settlement was acquired in May of this year, and relates to the marriage in 1761 of George Byng, (1735-1789) of Wrotham Park, Middlesex, and Anne Conolly (d. 1806) of Castletown, Co. Kildare.

George Byng was the eldest son of the late Hon. Robert Byng (1703-1740), and the Hon. Elizabeth Byng, of Wrotham Park in Barnet, Middlesex, England, and grandson of British naval officer and statesman George Byng, 1st Viscount Torrington (1663-1733). George’s father, Robert, had an active career, serving as Member of Parliament for Plymouth, Paymaster of the Navy, and Governor of Barbados. His mother, Elizabeth (d. 1786), was the daughter of Jonathan Forward, a transport contractor for the Admiralty. George was later elected to represent the borough of Wigan in Lancaster in 1768 and 1774, and then Middlesex in 1780.

Anne Conolly was the second daughter of the Right Hon. William James Conolly (1706–54) and Lady Anne Wentworth (eldest daughter of Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford of the second creation) of Castletown in Celbridge, County Kildare, Ireland. Anne’s father, William James Conolly, was the nephew of politician and speaker of the Irish House of Commons, William Conolly (1662–1729). ‘Speaker’ Conolly was born in Ballyshannon in 1662, the son of a local innkeeper, and despite his humble beginnings was to become the wealthiest and most powerful politician in Ireland. He built Castletown House in Celbridge, County Kildare, between 1722 and 1729 as a symbol of his great wealth and power. After Speaker Conolly’s death in 1729, the Palladian mansion and Conolly’s estates and fortune were divided between his widow, Katherine, and nephew, William James Conolly. The latter finally inherited Castletown in 1752 on Katherine’s death, passing away himself just two years later. He was succeeded by his son Thomas (1738-1803), brother of Anne Conolly. Castletown House remained in the Conolly family until 1965, and has been in state ownership since 1994.

The marriage settlement is dated 4 March 1761, the day before the marriage of George Byng and Anne Conolly. The document is made of parchment and consists of eight sheets of handwritten text. It outlines in great detail the terms and conditions relating to the couple’s union. The document is signed and sealed by the couple and their witnesses: Elizabeth Byng, Thomas Conolly ‘of Dublin City’, Right Hon. William Earl of Strafford, Hon. Henry Osborne (Admiral of the Blue), Edmund Bramston (of Hall Place in Southampton), Right Hon. Lady Anne Conolly, Henry Vernon (of Hilton in Strafford); and Hon. George Pocock (Admiral of the Blue). The settlement summarises other relevant documentation, including an earlier marriage settlement dated 27 April 1833, that of William Conolly and Anne Wentworth, the last will and testament of William James Conolly dated 14 December 1738, with a codicil dated 27 December 1753.

Detail of marriage settlement with Conolly signatures

CONSERVATION OF ENEAS MACDONNELL LETTERS

Original housing of the MacDonnell letters

The Russell Library undertook a re-housing project for a collection of letters written to Eneas MacDonnell (1783-1858), who was Parliamentary Agent in London for Irish Catholics between 1825 and 1829, the period prior to Catholic emancipation. He was formerly a student at the lay college in Maynooth.

The collection spans the period 1823-55 and contains letters and a few contemporary printed items.

As is not uncommon, these had come to the library closely folded, tied in bundles and stored in a non-archival box. They had both surface dirt and minor handling damage, but were mostly robust.

The collection is a rich and varied resource which provides an elegant snapshot of the period. The letters are themselves of interest for their content but it is also interesting to link the individual authors of the letters to the wax seals present. Furthermore, the paper has both makers’ watermarks and, on some of the sheets, the paper-type is embossed on the pages. All of these are interesting from an historical perspective, thus the material provides diverse research and study potential.

Letter before treatment Letter after treatment

Our aim was to list the documents prior to cataloguing, flatten the pages, carry out minimal repairs, and provide archival housing that would ensure safe reader access.

The challenges that this body of material posed were many. The pages were not of uniform size, many of them had text on both sides, and there was sensitive secondary media present on the paper: fragile wax seals and fugitive postal franks.

Present on letters: seal, embossed stamp and postal frank

The material was lightly surface cleaned, but conservation intervention was kept to a minimum as some of the media was known to be fugitive and unsuitable for washing or aqueous treatment. Larger tears were repaired using lens tissue and wheat starch paste and it was decided that the housing chosen would provide stability, durability and protection for the material.

Each letter is to be housed in an archival polyester sleeve after treatment. This allows visual access to and physical support for the paper, as well as some breathability within the binding structure. Archival polyester is perfect for this task. All the sleeves are uniform in size but have been internally modified to accommodate three different dimensions within the collection. The bindings can be housed vertically on open shelves, preventing the risk of crushing to bottom documents which can arise where collections are housed loose in boxes. It also reduces the risk posed by direct handling of the pages.

Once bound, it is possible to dismantle the binding without any risk to the collection, either for access or rearrangement should the need arise. It has been a pleasure to be involved in preparing this material for readers to enjoy and to address the challenges posed by such a historical body of work.

The following links may be of interest for further reading:

The North East Document Conservation Centre Preservation leaflet: [see unbound flat paper]

http://www.nedcc.org/resources/leaflets/4Storage_and_Handling/01StorageMethods.php

Housing single sheet material at the Bodleian Library, Oxford:

http://eprints.ouls.ox.ac.uk/archive/00000911/01/47405_Honey

DICTIONARY OF ENGLISH AND WELSH

John Roderick, 1673 - 1735 (Sian Rhydderch), born in Cemais, Montgomeryshsire, was a printer and poet. Best known for his carols and ballads, he printed and sold his first dictionary of the Welsh language in 1725. The oldest Welsh dictionary was produced by William Salesbury, according to ESTC, and dates from 1547. A steady increase in literacy in Wales provided a ready market for Roderick's kind of publication. This pocket-size dictionary sold very well.

Our copy has no title-page, but a torn fragment led us to try Eighteenth Century Collections Online, where, when we examined the recto and verso of the title-page, we confirmed we have the 1737 edition. This also highlights the value of digital material being available online.

The provenance of our copy gives some insight into a family named Lee. A short chronology charts the earliest owner as 'John Lee His Book Bought at Holywell Flintshire, anno 1754;' 'John Lee Jn Born Septr the 17th 1759;' other members wrote their names on various pages, all dated 'June 18th 1802' These included John, John Jn, Elizabeth, Joseph, Ann and William. Salford, Manchester is written several times in connection with their work and Worsley Mill is also mentioned. In some cases they indicated they were working in Mr Thomas' factory Salford, Manchester; Mr. George's factory in the Carden Room. Some tell us what their occupation is - 'Twist Weigher' or 'Washer'. One entry indicates the writer being at Amlwch January 9th, 1802. Sadly two other entries may not be happy ones - 'I got powder from the Fever Ward for John Jn and Elizabeth', and lastly 'I was at the Fever Ward to see how Ann came on June 18th 1802.' Is this an opportunity for someone to do some genealogical research?

RUSSELL LIBRARY

The main collection ranges in time from the earliest of our mediaeval manuscripts, giving an account of a council in Rheims 991, down through the centuries to 1850, with Erasmus, Bacon, MacAingil, Suárez, Boyle, Voltaire, Hannah More and so many others sitting on the shelves in printed editions that appeared in their own lifetimes, together with a full panoply of writings by their contemporaries shelved nearby.

One of the great treasures of the library is Saint Augustine's De Civitate Dei, The City of God, printed in Mainz in 1473 by Peter Schoeffer of Gernsheim. Johann Gutenberg invented printing there, for western civilization, using moveable type. He had begun printing in the mid-1450s with backing from Johannes Fust and assisted by Peter Schoeffer. Gutenberg proved financially inept and Fust took over the business, with Schoeffer. Fust died of the plague while selling his books in Paris in 1466, whereupon Schoeffer married Fust's daughter and the businesss flourished until Schoeffer died in 1503.

On heavy, creamy paper, this large folio volume of 728 pages is printed in strikingly black ink with red ink used for two heraldic shields - the device conceived by Fust and Schoeffer. De Civitate Dei was a popular text and likely to sell well, which was important. Two Mainz clerks had set up a press on the outskirts of Rome, later in the city itself and had printed three different editions of the work between 1467 and 1470. Schoeffer's edition of 1473 includes commentary by two 14th-century theologians, Thomas Waleys and Nicholas Trivet. Amongst the earliest to be printed, some of the books Schoeffer produced still rank as the finest ever made.

RUSSELL LIBRARY CATALOGUING PROJECT

This project has been in full-time operation for four years now. The principal aim of the project is to create an electronic catalogue of the pre-1850 material of the library, providing access for scholars local and international, to the wealth and variety of our collections. Subjects as diverse as Theology, Agriculture, Physics and Economics are represented here along with language and travel. The timespan of the collections covers late 15th century to mid 19th century. Some of the more interesting books have been used in exhibitions in the library, to illustrate their research value, their local connection and/or their rarity.

A PREMONITION TO THE READER........

Pearson, Anthony. 'A Premonition to the reader on the great case of tithes truly stated clearly open'd and fully resolv'd.' Dublin, printed by Isaac Jackson at the Globe in Meath-Street, in 1756.
Here is a rare pamphlet item from our collection. According to online research, this pamphlet is the only Irish copy held. Furthermore, only two other libraries worldwide hold this title (ESTC). It is interesting not only from an historical and political perspective, but also from a bibliographic perspective. It was edited by Thomas Ellwood who was a known religious controversialist and member of the Religious Society of Friends, also called Quakers. Quakers are on record as having objected to tithes from as early as 1650.

WHAT'S THE IRISH FOR LAVENDER?

This short extract from the Irish Dictionary explains entries as different as Lauds, when prayers are sung, to Lavender - Luibh deaghbholaidh, ( a sweet-smelling herb) or P. a proverb on the victor's laughter.

A CATALOGUED TREASURE

The dictionary opposite - produced in the Irish College, Paris, where a special typeface was cut from the lexicographer's own handwriting, to facilitate printing a work in Irish - is the earliest comprehensive English Irish dictionary. The printer, Jacques Guérin, knew neither English nor Irish, yet there are almost no typographical errors. Generally, printing of material in Irish at this time was accomplished outside the country and by the religious orders.

WHAT IS CONSERVATION?

Conservators are charged with the care of cultural heritage. Here in the Russell Library we are working within an historic building and on an historic collection. It is our responsibility to ensure that both building and collection are looked after for posterity

The main causes of damage to library materials are relative humidity, temperature, light, insect infestations, biological attack and handling from readers. Preventive conservation is one aspect of our brief. It is our goal that all the material under our care is housed in conservation grade materials and in high quality archival folders, boxes and cases. We replace non-archival housing on an ongoing basis.

Interventive conservation includes treatments aimed at halting or repairing damage, while retaining the object’s historical integrity. All conservation processes are governed by strict ethical guidelines to ensure the highest possible standards, and all materials are sympathetic with the original. In some cases, a book may require rebinding. We repair or replace bindings that have failed, taking care to reuse original material where possible. Typical treatments include repair of tears, cleaning of ingrained dirt, the flattening of creased and badly refolded plates or the isolation of plant specimens pressed between the pages of a book. We also work closely with our Librarian and staff producing exhibitions and displays to bring to our readers some of the stories our books have to offer.
We hope that you get the chance to visit the Russell Library and enjoy our collections

ARCHIVES

The Russell Library is the custodian of a number of important archival collections. An archivist forms part of the team and is dedicated to the preservation , protection and promotion of archival material currently in the care of the library service in NUIM. Collections undergoing professional work include the Desmond Forristal Archive the papers of

Gerald Molloy.

Information is one of the oldest and most powerful resources created by the human race. Archives are at the heart of the information society, and provide a key to interpreting past and present events. Archival collections can be distinguished from library material by the unique and irreplacable nature of the documents they contain. Collections frequently consist of a wide variety of media, including paper, vellum and parchment, photographs, maps, plans and drawings, film, video, audio recordings, databases and web pages. Users of archives can include students, scholars, local historians, genealogists and filmmakers. The main objective of the archivist is to ensure that this valuable material is safeguarded for future generations.

CONSERVATION

The Russell Library is working on re-housing a collection of letters written to Eneas MacDonnell while he was in London acting as a Parliamentary Agent for the Catholic Association. The material spans the period 1823-29 and is comprised of handwritten letters and printed material. It has suffered minor handling damage but is mostly robust. Many of the letters have bishops' seals affixed and part of the project is to photograph and link these with their respective sender. Beyond that, it was decided to create a binding structure to house the loose leaves. As there is often text on both sides of a document we looked at a post-binding, using inert polyester sleeves that would allow both access to and protection of the material.